new study: Social Factors Impacting Use of EcoSan in Rural Indonesia

The  Social Factors Impacting Use of EcoSan in Rural Indonesia report came out in June 2010.

The Study Starts of stating the fact that “Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2010 data indicate that around 38% of the rural population has access to improved sanitation services and that open defecation remains a widespread practice for over 60 million Indonesians. “

With  a majority of Indonesia being  Muslims the study include a a look at Muslim teaching on the subject of sanitation.  “The study objective was to identify the social, religious, cultural and gender-related factors  which influence rural people’s attitudes towards urine and excreta-based fertilizers in general and the EcoSan urine diversion system in particular.  It doe not pretend to be anything but a modest study: ” the study does not seek to be a comprehensive reflection of the whole of Indonesia. Instead, it provides a preliminary assessment of attitudes towards EcoSan, and identifi es some key drivers and inhibitors…” It survey 350 people in 5 out of 33 provinces included Muslims, Christians and respondents with traditional
beliefs. Four producers and retailers of excreta and urine based fertilizer were also identifi ed and interviewed.

One of the key finding  come in this paragraph:

“The study data show that this is not only a Muslim religious objection,
but that Christians also consider it difficult to keep the excreta dry by not
using water above the disposal hole. While the percentage of Muslims who
considered it difficult to keep the disposal hole dry was fairly constant, the
percentage of Christians who felt this way varied from 35% in Kulon Progo,
Central Java to 78% in East Sumba. This confirms the assumption that
use of water for cleansing, where available, is also an Indonesian cultural
behavior that inhibits the use of a toilet system requiring dry storage. “

The study reports  the researchers’  findings that  more than “…80% of the respondents are willing to use urine or feces-based fertilizer.” The report goes on to say  a similar number are willing to consume products from  the fields using compost based fertilizer.  The hard part,  the study  states,  is only 50% of the people surveyed are will to to be involved in processing  the urine and feces to make the compost.  (I would like to know how this  compares to other locations around the world 50%  Seems high-  a positive rather than negative -  )

The study goes on to look at the roles/ potential roles  men and women of a family unit have on

• selecting fertilizer for crops, and for selection installing,toilets for the family.
• selecting toilets  installing them  and composting waste from them.

The conclusions are complex.  Hopefully organizations that want to just plop down ecosan units all  anywhere in the will carefully read this  short but informative report in its entirety. We must truly understand  the people, if  we / they are to have success  with  ecosan or any other viable alternative!

Report Sections

INTRODUCTION: ECOSAN IN INDONESIA

• Background
• Objective of the Study
• Consideration of EcoSan as a Sanitation Option
• Methodology

DEMAND FOR ORGANIC FERTILIZER EXISTS  ACROSS RELIGIONS AND REGIONS

• Excreta-based fertilizers are still a sensitive issue for some

RESERVATIONS ABOUT USING ECOSAN TOILETS

• Gender Differences

IS HUMAN EXCRETA-BASED FERTILIZER NAJIS?

CONCLUSIONS

Publishing Agency:

The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) “…a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.”

Editors/Authors/ Researchers:

The research was carried out by Entin Sriani Muslim assisted by Ana Nurhasanah in 2009. This learning
note was co-authored by Martin Albrecht, Isabel Blackett, and Ikabul Arianto and peer reviewed by
Eduardo Perez and Jeremy Colin.

Document type Pdf  with search-able  / selectable text. 4 pages  Includes images and graphs

Urine diversion toilet components – A Technology Review

This was first noted/posted  by SuSanA( EN FR ES ) and worthy of    “post duplicating”

GTZ Has published a set of technology reviews the last Quarter of 2009 dealing with “some
technologies commonly used as toilets or as treatment systems in ecosan systems.”

GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit translated- German Agency for Technical Cooperation) is federally owned and “…supports the German Government in achieving its development-policy objectives.” according to its about us web page Thier focus is sustainable development.  Their is site is available in English and Deutsche de

The following comes  from  http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/9397.htm and the actual documents.

Technology Review 1: Urine diversion components

• Overview of urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, urine storage and reuse systems
  Version of 6 December 2009. Hard copies are available on request.
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf
  1,58 MB 32 pages (English)

• Sampling of sections: Challenges, pathogens, nutrients, micro polutants, treaetment, cost +/-, advantages and disadvantages as fertilizer, waterline urinals, odor control, urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) & Storage tanks

• Appendix: Worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals and urine diversion toilet pedestals and squatting pans
  Draft version of 14 May 09
• en-urine-diversion-appendix-suppliers-lists-2009-14-May.pdf
  0,58 MB  18 pages (English)
• Sections include:
  photos  and Suppliers contact information, in alphabetical order by country
  1. waterless urinals
  2. UDD toilets – pedestals / sitting type
  3. UDD toilets – squatting pans
  4. UD flush toilets – sitting type
  5. UD flush toilets – squatting type (1 vendor)

Technology Review 2: Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)

• Basic description of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
  Draft version of 2 December 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-udd-toilets.pdf,
  0,13 MB  8 pages (English)
• Overview:
  • topics  are brief, being  limited to a paragraph or two. It is a good summary but not intended  for those wanting details.

• Dehydration toilets – Construction plans – selected examples
  en-ecosan-tds-02-c1-dehydration-toilets-plans-2006.pdf
  5,89 MB 14 pages (English)
• The important note is “Note that plans presented cannot serve  as blueprints for other projects but  only provide some ideas on dimension and design of deyhdration toilets.”
• Plans cover:
  • Double-vault , Bohol, Philippines (DILG-GTZ Water Program, Municiplaitiy of Tagbilaran)
  • with movable bins, Bohol, Philippines. (DILG-GTZ Water Program, Municiplaitiy of Tagbilaran)
  • Urine diversion dyhdration toilets in Navsarjan Primary School, India (Report on Case Studies of ecosan Pilot Projects in India,
    Martin Wafler, 2006)
  • double vault  , Chile (CETAL)
  • double vault with evapotranspiration bed for anal cleansing water, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (ENPHO)
  • that is Double vault , demonstration toilet, Kalungu Girls Secondary School, Uganda (TBL, Markus Lechner)
  • with movable container, Kalungu Girls Secondary School, Uganda (TBL, Markus Lechner)
  • with movable container, Kalungu Girls Secondary School, Uganda (TBL, Markus Lechner)
  • and shower block, Luzira, Uganda (Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment)

• Dehydration toilets – User instructions – selected examples
  en-ecosan-tds-02-c2-dehydration-toilets-user-instructions-2006.pdf
  6,42 MB  11 pages (English)

• Content includes:
  
  • colored posters in one of the common languages of the  country produced in, viewable on a stands size copy paper.

• • Philippines: ecosan – user guidelines for cleaning device
  • Philippines: ecosan – dos and don’t  when using – for men and women
  • Benin: ecosan -usage (by male) and cleaning overview
  • Nepal: Urine diversion dehydration toilets poster – do’s and don’t  when using-  for men
    (reduce in size – text is not legible )
  • South Africa: Urine diversion dehydration toilets-
    3diagrams and one Q &A sheet about use, misuses , functionality,  and care/maintenance

• Technical drawings of urine diversion dehydration toilets on SuSanA website: www.susana.org/technical-drawings
  0 MB xpages
• Web page with links to a number of plans including Constructed Wetlands, Biogas fixed dome plants, as well as UDDTs

Technology Review 3: Composting toilets

• Basic overview of composting toilets
  Version of 28 October 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-composting-toilets.pdf
  0,64 MB 15 pages  (English)
• Contents includes:
  • Introduction, Overview & General recommendations for operation 6 paages
  • Single-vault composting toilets   2 page
  • Multiple-vault composting toilets 1 page
  • Mobile bucket or bin toilets followed by composting of the excreta 2  page
  • Composting toilets with mechanical devices 3 pages

• Appendix: Range of manufacturers and commercially available composting toilets
  Version of  1 December 2009
  gtz2009-technology-review-composting-toilets-appendix.pdf
  0,41 MB  7 pages  (English)
• Content includes:
  • 17 or so vendor  products with contact information
  • with bullet-ed feature list and photo
  • from America  and Europe and Australia

Technology Review 4: Biogas sanitation

• Biogas sanitation for black water or brown water, or excreta treatment and reuse in developing countries
  Draft version of 13 December 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-biogas-sanitation.pdf
  0,13 MB  8 pages  (English)
• Overview:
  • A short introduction designed for people who  “….want to get an overview of biogas sanitation, their
    different designs, their application, maintenance, efficiency and technical components”

Technologie Review 5: Constructed wetlands

• Constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries
  Draft version of 16 December 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-constructed-wetlands-version-2.pdf
  2,00 MB  17 pages (English)
• Partial content:
  • Introduction to constructed wetlands (CWs)
  • Design, operation and maintenance of CWs
  • Plants used in CWs
  • Subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs) (horizontal  vertical hybrid)
  • Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWS CWs)
  • Costs and project examples

NOTES:

They, GTZ,  suggests the site  http://www.susana.org/lang-en/working-groups for in depth information.  SuSanA (Sustainable Sanitation Alliance) has formed working groups for a range topics centered on sanitation. Their admirable and hopefully achievable goal is to “…provide deliverables  that underline the problems and opportunities …” for these topics.  The working groups break  out as follows:

• • Working group 1 - capacity development
  • Working group 2 - costs and economics
  • Working group 3 – renewable energies, climate change and groundwater protection
  • Working group 4 – sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health
  • Working group 5 – food security and productive sanitation systems
  • Working group 6 – sustainable sanitation for cities and planning
  • Working group 7 – community, rural and school sanitation
  • Working group 8 - sustainable sanitation in emergency and reconstruction situations
  • Working group 9 - sanitation as a business
  • Working group 10 – public awareness and sanitation marketing
  • Working group 11 - operation and maintenance of sustainable sanitation
  • Working group 12 – gender aspects of sustainable sanitation