Urine diversion toilet components – A Technology Review

This was first noted/posted  by SuSanA( EN FR ES ) and worthy of    “post duplicating”

GTZ Has published a set of technology reviews the last Quarter of 2009 dealing with “some
technologies commonly used as toilets or as treatment systems in ecosan systems.”

GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit translated- German Agency for Technical Cooperation) is federally owned and “…supports the German Government in achieving its development-policy objectives.” according to its about us web page Thier focus is sustainable development.  Their is site is available in English and Deutsche de

The following comes  from  http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/9397.htm and the actual documents.

Technology Review 1: Urine diversion components

• Overview of urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, urine storage and reuse systems
  Version of 6 December 2009. Hard copies are available on request.
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf
  1,58 MB 32 pages (English)

• Sampling of sections: Challenges, pathogens, nutrients, micro polutants, treaetment, cost +/-, advantages and disadvantages as fertilizer, waterline urinals, odor control, urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) & Storage tanks

• Appendix: Worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals and urine diversion toilet pedestals and squatting pans
  Draft version of 14 May 09
• en-urine-diversion-appendix-suppliers-lists-2009-14-May.pdf
  0,58 MB  18 pages (English)
• Sections include:
  photos  and Suppliers contact information, in alphabetical order by country
  1. waterless urinals
  2. UDD toilets – pedestals / sitting type
  3. UDD toilets – squatting pans
  4. UD flush toilets – sitting type
  5. UD flush toilets – squatting type (1 vendor)

Technology Review 2: Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)

• Basic description of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
  Draft version of 2 December 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-udd-toilets.pdf,
  0,13 MB  8 pages (English)
• Overview:
  • topics  are brief, being  limited to a paragraph or two. It is a good summary but not intended  for those wanting details.

• Dehydration toilets – Construction plans – selected examples
  en-ecosan-tds-02-c1-dehydration-toilets-plans-2006.pdf
  5,89 MB 14 pages (English)
• The important note is “Note that plans presented cannot serve  as blueprints for other projects but  only provide some ideas on dimension and design of deyhdration toilets.”
• Plans cover:
  • Double-vault , Bohol, Philippines (DILG-GTZ Water Program, Municiplaitiy of Tagbilaran)
  • with movable bins, Bohol, Philippines. (DILG-GTZ Water Program, Municiplaitiy of Tagbilaran)
  • Urine diversion dyhdration toilets in Navsarjan Primary School, India (Report on Case Studies of ecosan Pilot Projects in India,
    Martin Wafler, 2006)
  • double vault  , Chile (CETAL)
  • double vault with evapotranspiration bed for anal cleansing water, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (ENPHO)
  • that is Double vault , demonstration toilet, Kalungu Girls Secondary School, Uganda (TBL, Markus Lechner)
  • with movable container, Kalungu Girls Secondary School, Uganda (TBL, Markus Lechner)
  • with movable container, Kalungu Girls Secondary School, Uganda (TBL, Markus Lechner)
  • and shower block, Luzira, Uganda (Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment)

• Dehydration toilets – User instructions – selected examples
  en-ecosan-tds-02-c2-dehydration-toilets-user-instructions-2006.pdf
  6,42 MB  11 pages (English)

• Content includes:
  
  • colored posters in one of the common languages of the  country produced in, viewable on a stands size copy paper.

• • Philippines: ecosan – user guidelines for cleaning device
  • Philippines: ecosan – dos and don’t  when using – for men and women
  • Benin: ecosan -usage (by male) and cleaning overview
  • Nepal: Urine diversion dehydration toilets poster – do’s and don’t  when using-  for men
    (reduce in size – text is not legible )
  • South Africa: Urine diversion dehydration toilets-
    3diagrams and one Q &A sheet about use, misuses , functionality,  and care/maintenance

• Technical drawings of urine diversion dehydration toilets on SuSanA website: www.susana.org/technical-drawings
  0 MB xpages
• Web page with links to a number of plans including Constructed Wetlands, Biogas fixed dome plants, as well as UDDTs

Technology Review 3: Composting toilets

• Basic overview of composting toilets
  Version of 28 October 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-composting-toilets.pdf
  0,64 MB 15 pages  (English)
• Contents includes:
  • Introduction, Overview & General recommendations for operation 6 paages
  • Single-vault composting toilets   2 page
  • Multiple-vault composting toilets 1 page
  • Mobile bucket or bin toilets followed by composting of the excreta 2  page
  • Composting toilets with mechanical devices 3 pages

• Appendix: Range of manufacturers and commercially available composting toilets
  Version of  1 December 2009
  gtz2009-technology-review-composting-toilets-appendix.pdf
  0,41 MB  7 pages  (English)
• Content includes:
  • 17 or so vendor  products with contact information
  • with bullet-ed feature list and photo
  • from America  and Europe and Australia

Technology Review 4: Biogas sanitation

• Biogas sanitation for black water or brown water, or excreta treatment and reuse in developing countries
  Draft version of 13 December 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-biogas-sanitation.pdf
  0,13 MB  8 pages  (English)
• Overview:
  • A short introduction designed for people who  “….want to get an overview of biogas sanitation, their
    different designs, their application, maintenance, efficiency and technical components”

Technologie Review 5: Constructed wetlands

• Constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries
  Draft version of 16 December 2009
  gtz2009-en-technology-review-constructed-wetlands-version-2.pdf
  2,00 MB  17 pages (English)
• Partial content:
  • Introduction to constructed wetlands (CWs)
  • Design, operation and maintenance of CWs
  • Plants used in CWs
  • Subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs) (horizontal  vertical hybrid)
  • Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWS CWs)
  • Costs and project examples

NOTES:

They, GTZ,  suggests the site  http://www.susana.org/lang-en/working-groups for in depth information.  SuSanA (Sustainable Sanitation Alliance) has formed working groups for a range topics centered on sanitation. Their admirable and hopefully achievable goal is to “…provide deliverables  that underline the problems and opportunities …” for these topics.  The working groups break  out as follows:

• • Working group 1 - capacity development
  • Working group 2 - costs and economics
  • Working group 3 – renewable energies, climate change and groundwater protection
  • Working group 4 – sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health
  • Working group 5 – food security and productive sanitation systems
  • Working group 6 – sustainable sanitation for cities and planning
  • Working group 7 – community, rural and school sanitation
  • Working group 8 - sustainable sanitation in emergency and reconstruction situations
  • Working group 9 - sanitation as a business
  • Working group 10 – public awareness and sanitation marketing
  • Working group 11 - operation and maintenance of sustainable sanitation
  • Working group 12 – gender aspects of sustainable sanitation

DRY TOILET 2009 Conference proceedings and presentations

The proceedings from the DRY TOILET 2009 conference held by Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland are  available   They are  a great resource and available at  http://huussi.net/tapahtumat/DT2009/full.html

The summary  is also avaliable in  – suomi (Finish) and Russian as a pdf

The Suomi version of the  home page is http://www.huussi.net/

Session	Presentations & Country Focus
1 PROMOTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE MDG’S
“Composting Toilet – The Bangalore, India experience” Sustainable sanitation in Namibia’s lowest income urban areas: “The potential of composting toilets” “To dry or not to dry?-People matter in scaling up dry sanitation” “Dry Toilets in Tajikistan” “Sustainable sanitation beyond Taps & Toilet” “Prevalence of Ecological sanitation uptake and associated factors in Kabale municipality, Uganda”		India, Namibia, Finland, Tajikistan, Nepal, Uganda
2 HEALTH AND SAFETY ASPECTS RELATED TO DRY SANITATION
“Toilets and health throughout history” “The public health safety of using human excreta from urine diverting toilets for agriculture: The Philippine experience” “Dry Toilet – A boon to rural community” “Ecological sanitation: inactivation of pathogens in faeces from dry toilet – grey water disposal” “From pit latrine to a safe and sustainable toilet.” “Possible public health implication of excreta re-use in poorly sanitated rural farming communities of Ebonyi state, South-East Nigeria”		Philippines, India, Argentina, Belarus, Nigeria
3 IMPLEMENTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN EMERGENCIES
“Sanitation in the disaster cycle – immediate response, preparedness and risk reduction” “Provision of Dry Toilets in earthquake hit areas of Pakistan – learning from first hand experience” “Eco-toilet for disaster preparedness” “Introducing ecological sanitation in emergency: Some lessons learned from a pilot project Bangladesh” “Sanitation in IDP and refugee camps in Chad: the current and future challenges”		Pakistan, Bangladesh, Chad
4a PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES IN RE-USE OF EXCRETA
“Pathogens of concern for developing countries and risk of reusing ecosan sludge in agriculture” “Urine from separating toilets for non-edible plants” “From pit latrine to nutrient conservation” “Re-use of human’s urine in market-gardening in South-Benin: financial returns analysis” “Biogas generation – a multi-dimensional development approach”		Mexico, Benin, Ethiopia
4b PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES IN RE-USE OF EXCRETA continues
“Dry toilet compost and separated urine as fertilisers for cabbage and potato – a case study from Finland “ “Prospects and Challenges in the reuse of human excreta in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya” “Use of Faecal Sludge for Agriculture in Tamale Metropolis: perception of Farmers, Consumers and Relevant Agencies” “Positive spin offs using mobile urinals and UD toilets in Burkina Faso” “Study on the compost produced by compost bins and ecosan latrines and survey on knowledge attitudes and practices in usage of compost bins and ecosan latrines”		Finland, Kenya, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Sri Lanka
5 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
“Evaluation of social and cultural acceptance of the biotoilet system” “Social representattions of hygiene and excretes disposal - The case of ecological dry toilets introduction in Quibdo and Tumaco-Columbia” “Towards a common goal. The challenges of the sanitation sector in Zambia” “Living with the marginalised: Addressing the socio-economic and cultural aspects in implementing Oka-Dry Toilets in Madimba; case of Lusaka” Sari Huuhtanen*, Finland; Michelo Katambo, Zambia: “The challenge of social change; experiences from Zambia dry-sanitation project (ZASP, 2006-2008)”		Mexico, Columbia, Zambia
6 GENDER ASPECTS RELATED TO DRY SANITATION
“Gender aspects of ecological sanitation with urine diverting dry toilets” “Female local latrine builders: Contributing towards objectives of International Year of Sanitation, 2008″ “Women and ecological sanitation” “Promotion of dry toilets for reducing vulnerability for the poor women having Islamic and cultural values in urban slums of Bangladesh”		Nepal, Uganda, Bangladesh
7a TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DRY TOILETS
“Is the Agricultural utilisation of Treated Urine and Faces recommendable?” “Developing low cost composting toilet for developing countries” “Solar thermal sanitation of human faeces – an affordable solution for ensuring sustainability of EcoSan activities” “Feasibility assessment of application of onsite volume reduction system (OVRS) for source-separated urine” “Urban slum dwellers in Kenya and Bangladesh benefit from using Peepoo bags which are self-sanitising and biodegradable”		Kenya and Bangladesh and others
7b TECHICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DRY TOILETS continues
“From the outhouse to indoor dry toilets in Finland” “Estimation of water evaporation rate from composting toilet” “Implementation of urine-diverting dry toilets in multi-storey apartment buildings in Ethiopia” Dry sanitation in multi-story apartment buildings: “The case of Dongsheng, Inner Mongolia, China” “The humanure toilet”		Finland, Ethiopia, Inner Mongolia, China
8 CAPACITY BUILDING
“Going to scale with urine diversion in Sweden – From individual households to municipal systems in 15 years” “The processes of adaption during the introducing urine diverting toilets in Kyrgyzstan” “Influence of social, cultural, economic and gender aspects in dry toilet as eco-sanitation tool. Case study of Sukuma-nomadic community in Malinyi, Tanzania.” “Experiences with ecosan systems to provide sustainable sanitation for schools in Kenya and India” “Gold Factory – An experimental art project with dry toilets”		Sweden, Kyrgyzstan, Tanzania,Kenya, India
Side event SUSTAINABLE SANITATION FOR TOURISM AND RECREATION
“Toilet provision in the Cairngorms national park, Scotland, UK” “Experience of biotoilet installations on Kizhi island, Republic of Karelia, Russia” “Promotion of sustainable development of rural communities around especially protected natural areas in Kazakhstan” “Public toilets and care practices in nature parks in Finland, current situation and recommendations for improvement”		Scotland, Republic of Karelia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Finland

Struvite from Urine in Nepal: STUN

source source http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/stun
The STUN project, operated in co-operation with UN-HABITAT Nepal, examines the feasibility of converting source-separated urine into a dry fertilizer product called ‘struvite’. Struvite (often called MAP for magnesium ammonium phosphate: MgNH₄PO₄^.6H₂O) is a safe, bioavailable fertilizer which can be precipitated from urine with only the addition of magnesium.

Working in the Kathmandu Valley, with the community of Siddhipur, the STUN project has assessed the social,

see map

economic, and technical feasibility of producing struvite at the community level. By producing struvite from urine, we hope to promote improved sanitation, local food security, and nutrient independence as Nepal must import all of its fertilizer at prices which are not always affordable for subsistence farmers.

The following reports are available for download:

E Tilley, K Udert, B Etter, R Khadka, E John. (2009). Struvite Recovery in Kathamandu: A business model for increased food security
Fertilizer. (award winning poster from the Alliance for Global Sustainability 2009 Annual Meeting)

Etter, B. (2009).  Process optimization of low-cost struvite recovery. Masters thesis submitted to EPFL.

Etter, B. (2009). Struvite recovery from urine at community scale in Nepal. Intermediate report. Eawag: Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. (technical optimization)

Gantenbein, B. and Khadka, R. (2009). Struvite Recovery from Urine at Community Scale in Nepal: Final Project Report Phase 1. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. (social assessment)

Kashekya, E.J. (2009). Struvite production from source separated urine in Nepal: The reuse potential of the effluent. MSc Thesis MWI-SE 2009/01. UNESCO-IHE and Eawag, Delft, The Netherlands.

Further reading:

Tilley, E., Gantenbein, B., Khadka, R., Zurbrügg, C. and Udert, K.M. (2009). Social and economic feasibility of struvite recovery from uine at the community level in Nepal. In: International Conference on Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Streams. K. Ashley, D. Mavinic and F. Koch (eds). IWA Publishing, London, pp 169-178.

For more information (in Switzerland) please contact struvite.nepal@eawag.ch

For more information on:

UN-Habitat

www.unhabitat.org

phosphorus depletion:

http://phosphorusfutures.net

www.phosphaterecovery.com

www.ceep-phosphates.org

Urine separation and reuse:

www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/index_EN

www.ecosanres.com